DNA Sequencing
About DNA Sequencing
Exploring Life's Blueprint with Every Sequence
DNA sequencing is a method used to determine the precise order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) in a DNA molecule. This information is critical for understanding genetic information, mutations, and their roles in disease, evolution, and various biological processes.
DNA Sequencing Approaches
Different DNA sequencing approaches and their applications are summarized below:
| Sequencing Approach | Description | Sequencing Platform | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) | Sequencing of the entire genome to provide comprehensive genetic data. It includes WGS-DeNovo and WGS-ReSequencing | Illumina, PacBio SMRT, Oxford Nanopore | Mapping genetic diversity, disease research, evolutionary studies |
| Enrichment Sequencing | Sequencing of the regions of interest of the genome to provide comprehensive genetic data. It includes Whole-Exome, Amplicon and Custom Sequencing | Illumina | Disease gene identification, rare disorders, clinical genomics |
| Single Cell DNA Sequencing | Analyzes DNA from individual cells to study cellular heterogeneity, copy number variations, and genetic diversity at single-cell resolution. | 10X Genomics Chromium System followed by Illumina Sequencer | Cancer research, developmental biology, rare cell analysis |
| Metagenomics Sequencing | Studies genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples to explore microbial diversity. | Illumina, PacBio SMRT | Microbial community analysis, pathogen detection, environmental research |
| Epigenomics Sequencing | Studies the epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation, histone modification) of the genome. It includes Whole Genome Bisulphite Sequencing (WGBS), ChIP Sequencing, ATAC Sequencing | Illumina | Epigenetic research, cancer studies, imprinting disorders |
| Genome Mapping | Focuses on determining the structure and order of genes within a genome. It includes Hi-C Mapping and Optical Mapping | Illumina | Structural variant detection, genomic rearrangements |
| Whole Genome Long Read Sequencing | Sequencing technologies that provide long DNA reads, suitable for de novo assembly and complex regions. | PacBio SMRT, Oxford Nanopore | De novo assembly, complex genome sequencing, repetitive region analysis |
| Hybrid Genome Sequencing | Combines short-read and long-read sequencing to optimize accuracy and genome assembly. | Illumina and Oxford Nanopore or PacBio SMRT | Comprehensive genome analysis, structural variation studies, complex genome sequencing |
| SNP-based Genotyping | Genotyping is the process of determining the genetic constitution (genotype) of an individual by analyzing their DNA. It identifies genetic variations, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions, deletions, or other mutations. | PCR-Based, Microarray-Based, NGS-Based Genotyping | Genetic variation analysis, disease association studies, population genetics |
| Microsatellites (SSR/STR) Genotyping | Analyzes short tandem repeats (STRs) or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to study genetic diversity, population structure, and individual identification. | Capillary electrophoresis, NGS-based approaches | Population genetics, breeding programs, forensic analysis, paternity testing |